Tuberculosis Symptoms and Treatment

Tuberculosis or TB, is a very dangerous infectious bacterial disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can occur in the lungs, referred to as pulmonary TB or in other areas of the body like the brain, spinal cord, kidneys or lymph nodes, referred to as extrapulmonary TB. TB can also be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks or spits.

Not all people who come into contact with TB bacteria end up being affected by it. In most situations, the body is able to fight off the disease and hence results in latent TB, where the bacteria are dormant but causing no symptoms. In most cases, it can revert to being active due to low immunity.

Latent vs. Active TB

It is essential to grasp such a difference in order to effectively pursue an early diagnosis and prevention.

• Latent TB Infection:

Bacteria remain latent in the body with no symptoms, nor can it be transmitted to another person. But there may be chances of recurrence in later life.

• Active TB Disease:

The bacteria will multiply and develop symptoms. Active TB infection is contagious and needs urgent medical care.

Early detection of latent TB prevents its progression to active TB.

Typical Symptoms of Tuberculosis

Symptoms of TB may occur slowly, often unnoticed in the initial phases.

• Cough that has been continuing for more than two to three weeks
• Expectoration of sputum or blood
• Pain/discomfort in chest during breathing
• Prolonged fever, often low grade
• Night sweats
• Unintentional weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue and weakness

Extrapulmonary TB can cause symptoms depending on which organ is involved. For example, TB of the lymph nodes can cause lymph node enlargement.

Who is at Higher Risk of Tuberculosis

Some people are prone to getting active TB.

High Risk Groups Include:

• Individuals whose immune systems are weak
• Persons with diabetes
• Malnourished patients
• Smokers
• Persons Living with HIV
• Family contacts of tuberculosis patients
• Individuals living in crowded or poorly ventilated areas

Early screening in at-risk groups is important in controlling tuberculosis.

Causes and Contributing Factors

TB is a bacterial infection however, many variables affect the activation of the infection.

Contributing factors are:

• Poor immunity
• Malnutrition
• Chronic illnesses
• Alcohol and tobacco
• Late diagnosis and untreated cases

It aids in addressing the factors that affect treatment outcomes and the spread of the infection.

How Tuberculosis is Diagnosed

Diagnosis is vital for treatment and preventing the spread.

Diagnostic techniques involve:

• Sputum tests for tuberculosis bacteria
• Chest X-ray for pulmonary involvement
• Molecular tests like CBNAAT
• Tuberculin skin test or blood test for latent TB infection
• Biopsy or imaging study for extrapulmonary TB

The key to recovery is early diagnosis.

Treatment for Tuberculosis

TB can be cured if it is properly treated. This is because it requires the simultaneous consumption of antibiotics for a period of six months or more depending on the level of TB.

Essential TB treatment principles are:

• Combination therapy with various antitubercular drugs
• Strict compliance with treatment regimen
• Monitoring of side-effects
• Completion of the full course

Early discontinuation of treatment can lead to drug-resistant TB, which is difficult to control and more risky.

Diet and Nutrition

• High protein foods for healing
• Caloric intake to avoid weight loss
• Fresh fruits and vegetables for vitamins
• Whole grains and healthy fats

Malnutrition is associated with lowered resistance to disease and slow recovery. Hence, nutritional support is critical.

Foods to Include in TB Treatment

Healthy foods are also quite helpful in improving strength as well as the efficacy of treatment

Recommended foods are:

• Eggs, lentils and meat
• Milk and dairy products
• Nuts and seeds
• Fresh fruits and vegetables
• Whole grains

Hydration should also be ensured.

Lifestyle Precautions During TB Treatment

Lifestyle management helps with recovery and prevents spreading.

Critical considerations include:

• Completion of the whole treatment regimen
• Avoiding smoking and alcohol
• Cough hygiene practices
• Home ventilation maintenance
• Getting sufficient rest.

These measures will ensure protection of the patient as well as other people.

Consequences if Tuberculosis is Untreated

TB, if left untreated, can progress to life-threatening stages.

There may be complications such as:

• Lung damage
• Bacteraemia
• Blood Infection
• Respiratory failure
• Medic-resistant TB
• Increased risk of death

When to See a Healthcare Professional

If symptoms of TB persist and worsen, it is recommended to consult medical personnel. Seek medical attention for these symptoms:

• Cough persisting for over two weeks
• Hemorrhage in sputum
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fever or night sweats

Preventing Tuberculosis

TB prevention requires early case identification, immunization and infection control measures. Preventive measures consist of:

• BCG vaccination
• Early screening of close contacts
• Nutrition and immunity improvement
• Proper ventilation

Following treatment for latent TB when indicated can save individuals and communities.

After Treatment of TB

If diagnosed and treated on time, people can completely overcome tuberculosis and lead normal lives. Lung health can also be maintained to avoid future infections. By observing follow-up appointments and eating healthy food, people can stay healthy.